whidbey island nuclear bomb23 Apr whidbey island nuclear bomb
However, the second warheads parachute malfunctioned and the weapon plowed into some swampy farmland, smashing it to pieces and sending debris flying over a wide area. Cloudstone Sculpture Park and Gallery will be open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on April 27 and 28. Matt Arny, shared his appreciation in a message to MARMC's Commanding Officer at the end of July. -ARS - Alaska Radar System **MAJOR TARGET** (all radar sites below shaded in red), -Lawrence/Livermore National Lab **MAJOR TARGET**, -Peterson AFB/NORAD/Cheyenne Mountain Complex **MAJOR TARGET**, -New london Naval Submarine base **MAJOR TARGET**, -Kings Bay - SLBM base - **MAJOR TARGET**, -Laulaulei Naval Weapons magazine/radio station, -U.S. The Navy and the Whidbey Island base bothconfirmed to local news that there were no submarines or Navy planes in the area, and that the base has no ability to fire a large missile. A year later, on 25 Sep 1943, the land plane field was named Ault Field, in memory of CDR William B. Ault, missing in action in the Battle of the Coral Sea. He also writes about politics, history, and breaking news. Great Britain emulated these with open air atomic weapons tests in the late 1950s (France would follow with tests in Polynesia in the 1960s and beyond.) No nuclear explosion took place. Dirty Delete: New Michigan GOP chair has ties to QAnon, Big Honkers Venus de Milo: People divided over former pornographers modern recreation of famed statue, Conspiracy theorists think a plane crash killing 5 scientists was orchestrated to halt investigation into toxic train derailment, European Commission bans TikTok from staff devicesover data privacy concerns, *First Published: Jun 14, 2018, 6:30 am CDT, After the owner of the webcam posted the picture on Twitter the next day, it was. It is still unknown as to how many bombs of the four onboard were actually lost and to what extent the radioactive contamination spread. Unloaded weapons must be brought to the gate with a valid driver's license and military identification card. Greenbank had gusts of 65 mph, Polnell Point had winds reaching 47 mph, while Whidbey Island Naval Air Station reported gusts up to 53 mph. Nuclear weapons, pipe bombs, even the occasional long-forgotten box of dynamite; there is no job too big or too small for the bomb boys at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station. Its not a sexy or dramatic explanation, but its the one that squares the best with the available facts, and discards. The bomb contains many dangerous elements, including the highly unstable lithium deuteride, as well as the over 400 pounds of TNT designed to act as a catalyst for the plutonium trigger to implode and thus create a nuclear explosion, and these have been slowly degenerating from being submerged for so many years. A USAF B-47 bomber jettisoned a Mark 15 Mod 0 nuclear bomb over the Atlantic Ocean after a midair collision with a USAF F-86 Sabre during a simulated combat mission from Homestead Air Force Base, Florida. Weapons Policy: No weapons are allowed on Ault Field or Seaplane Base. Whidbey Island does have a naval base, and the Navy has a number of other bases in the area, including a base for nuclear submarines (along with. ) If the nuke was detonated in the air, 103,846 people would be killed, with another 328,597 injured. And there are no reports of any missile or missile debris coming down anywhere in the Puget Sound area. The missing bomb or bombs have never been found and presumably still remain trapped somewhere down in the Greenland ice. On January 24, 1961, a nuclear catastrophe nearly occurred when a B-52 bomber carrying two fully operational nuclear warheads and flying on alert over Goldsboro, North Carolina, experienced a defective fuel line and sudden structural failure in one of its wings. to launch missiles and hit high, fast-moving planes. The volunteers were friendly and knowledgeable. October 15, 1959, Hardinsberg, Kentucky. Strikes against major cities will not generate massive amounts of fallout like military targets do because air-burst warheads would be used. [6] The accident was categorized as a Broken Arrow, that is an accident involving a nuclear weapon but which does not present a risk of war. Any airport with a runway over 10,000 feet would also be targeted, as these airports could be used to disperse nuclear bomber aircraft such as B-52's, B-2's, and B1-B. The F-86's pilot ejected and parachuted to safety. The Mystery of New York's Renegade Subway Psychic, Forget About What We Know About Roswell: It's What's Missing About the Case That We Need to Look For, Archeologists Discover Another Secret Corridor Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. Several anti-aircraft missiles have been tested in submarines, and none have entered wide use. However, excavation was abandoned due to uncontrollable ground water flooding. 16-29 October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis occurs A tense stand-off begins when the United States discovers Soviet missiles in Cuba. Knowledge of the extent of the damage and contamination was kept from the public for years. But for French Polynesia and many of its people, the fallout from decades of nuclear weapons testing is still being dealt with 50 years after the first test. What must be one of the most ridiculous cases of a vanishing nuke happened on 10 Dec. 1965 on board the USS Ticonderoga, an aircraft carrier that was on its way to Yokosuka, Japan from Vietnam. A U.S. Navy P-5M aircraft carrying a nuclear depth charge without its fissile core crashed into Puget Sound near Whidbey Island, Washington. [23], Technicians mistakenly overheated Windscale Pile No. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1, a reactor that Fermi had constructed in a squash court under the bleachers of Stagg Field, the university's football stadium. September 25, 1959, Off Whidbey Island, Washington. [10], A USAF B-47 crashed into a storage igloo spreading burning fuel over three Mark 6 nuclear bombs at RAF Lakenheath. An A-4E Skyhawk carrying an extremely powerful B-43 hydrogen bomb was carried up one of the carriers huge aircraft elevators to be loaded onto the deck and prepared for takeoff. It is assumed that the plane went down somewhere over the Mediterranean, possibly due to running out of fuel, but no one has any idea where, and the planes disappearance, as well as the location of the missing nuclear cores, remain a complete mystery to this day. On September 21, 1942, the air station's first Commanding Officer, CAPT Cyril Thomas Simard, read the orders and the watch was set. 197D 2nd St Po Box 1623, Langley, Whidbey Island, WA 98260-9850 +1 360-221-3211 Website Menu Closes in 26 min: See all hours See all (80) Ratings and reviews 4.0 355 RATINGS Food Service Value Atmosphere Details PRICE RANGE $8 - $24 CUISINES American, Cafe Special Diets Vegetarian Friendly, Vegan Options, Gluten Free Options View all details From the research they were able to put together, Q believers figured out that was a missile fired by someone in the deep state to shoot down Air Force One. A 'lens flare'. Or, a Top Secret Human Experiment Gone Wild? "University of Las Vegas. You simply are not going to be able to have a high-yield bomb on a ICBM. Shock waves, moving faster than the speed of sound, destroyed all structures within a mile of Ground Zero, leaving . The crew reported releasing the weapon out of concern for the amount of TNT inside, alone, before they bailed out of the aircraft. 16 talking about this. The U.S. Navy conducted a three-month search involving 12,000 men and successfully recovered the fourth bomb. A 3-square-mile (7.8km2) area near Wassaw Sound was searched for nine weeks before the search was called off. The reactor had released radioactive gases into the surrounding countryside, primarily in the form of iodine-131 (131I). That's more than six times the power of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima at the. 67 nuclear tests were conducted by the US in the Marshall Islands over a dozen years in the 1940s and 50s. Milk distribution was banned in a 200-square-mile (520km2) area around the reactor for several weeks. Naval Air Station Whidbey Island was duly commissioned. The best shelters are solid concrete basements of houses and other buildings. Their hypothesis: not only was this a missile, but it was fired by anti-Trump forces in an effort to shoot down Air Force One, then on its way to Singapore for the summit with Kim Jong Un. about 60 miles south of that base, Naval Submarine Base Bangor. However, Russian military doctrine calls for strikes on all major U.S. cities with their road-mobile ICBM's as a final retaliation if they feel they have lost a nuclear war with the U.S. offers a controversially fictionalized story of these events. To think this could happen with nobody knowing simply isnt credible, and as a plan to assassinate the president, its utterly useless. USAF B-52 bomber departed Mather Air Force Base, California and experienced a decompression event that required it to fly below 10,000 feet. It is thought that any attempt to remove the bomb could be a highly perilous proposition. Join MU Plus+ and get exclusive shows and extensions & much more! Bangor/Bremerton, Washington (Naval Base Kitsap) which is home to our Pacific fleet of Ohio-Class Subs and a Trident missile storage facility which represent a major part of our sea-based nuclear deterrant. The weapon was briefly thought to have been located by a civilian diver in 2016 near Pitt Island but this was subsequently found not to be the case. While demonstrating his technique to visiting scientists at Los Alamos, Canadian physicist Louis Slotin manually assembled a critical mass of plutonium. Richard L. Miller. The dock landing ship Whidbey Island was decommissioned Friday after nearly 38 years of service. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Broken Arrows There never has been even a partial, inadvertent U.S. nuclear detonation despite the very severe stresses imposed upon the weapons involved. Entire Washington D.C. area including Northern Virginia Suburbs all the way to the WVA line and southern Maryland are a NO-GO ZONE due to the multitude of military bases, clandestine sites, bunkers, intelligence agency headquarters, chemical/biological research facilities, and more. Vanishing, unaccounted for nukes are still apparently very much a thing. The windstorm hit Whidbey late Friday and into Saturday morning. seattletimes.com Whidbey naval station lockdown lifted after unconfirmed active shooter threat We will be fine! There are even those occasions when they remain gone forever, despite our best efforts to relocate them. Tarabay H. Antoun. On May 22, 1968, the American nuclear submarine the USS Scorpion was on its way back to Norfolk, Virginia from a three month training exercise in the Mediterranean Sea and was 320 nautical miles south of the Azores when it suddenly vanished along with its two nuclear warheads. The bomb fell on the bomb-bay doors, smashing them open and going into a 15,000 feet (4,572m) free fall. An independent group of scientists conducting off-site testing 13 years later found plutonium contamination in areas in nearby Rocky Flats to be 400 to 1,500 times higher than normal, higher than any ever recorded near any urban area, including Nagasaki. Sources given conflicting numbers on the number of warheads carried by the R-27U, either two or three. Biology, nature, and cryptozoology still remain Brent Swancers first intellectual loves. The excess heat led to the failure of a nuclear cartridge, which in turn allowed uranium and irradiated graphite to react with air. Keep in mind that there are also secondary and tertiary target in every state that are too numerous to list. On December 2, 1942, the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was carried out under Fermi's supervision in Chicago Pile No. In fact, perhaps even more disturbing than the idea that a nuclear weapon can disappear without a trace is the sobering fact that it has happened with an alarming frequency. https://t.co/pDyDiFHNYX. Saturday, December 10, 2022. Old Grain Wharf, in the harbour of Coupeville, in the Central Whidbey Island Historic District, part of the Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve. From the south end of the island, you can see parts of Seattle across the water. At about 6:30p.m., an airman conducting maintenance on a USAF Titan-II missile at Little Rock Air Force Base's Launch Complex 374-7 in Southside (Van Buren County), just north of Damascus, Arkansas, dropped a nine-pound (4kg) socket from a socket wrench, which fell about 80 feet (24m) before hitting and piercing the skin on the rocket's first-stage fuel tank, causing it to leak. 44-92075, was flying a simulated combat mission from Eielson Air Force Base, near Fairbanks, Alaska, to Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas, carrying one weapon containing a dummy warhead. Although the C-124 landed safely near Atlantic City, New Jersey, neither the warheads nor their debris were never located. Located only 25 miles northwest of Seattle across Puget Sound, Whidbey Island is a long linear island that stretches for nearly 50 miles. The recovery and decontamination effort was complicated by Greenland's harsh weather. If you do happen to live near one of these places or downwind of them you need to take appropriate measures to protect your family. 47.97611 -122.35611. The U.S. military uses the term "Broken Arrow" to refer to an accident that involves nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons components, but does not create the risk of nuclear war.A Broken Arrow is different from a "Nucflash," which refers to a possible nuclear detonation or other serious incident that may lead to war. The Castle Bravo test conducted there on March 1, 1954 was the largest nuclear bomb the US ever set off. Washington state has been home to nuclear weapons-related projects for decades some well-known, others shrouded in secrecy. Subscribe Today! [70], During the final testing of a new saltless uranium processing method, there was a small explosion followed by a fire. The incident released the bomber's two Mark 39 hydrogen bombs. Do your own research!! Perhaps the most notorious and indeed scariest incident on U.S. soil happened on Feb. 5, 1958, when a powerful, 7,000 pound Mark 15 hydrogen bomb, with over 100 times the destructive force of the Hiroshima bomb, disappeared over Wassaw Sound only 12 miles from Savannah, Ga., a city with a population of over 100,000 people. Four of the B-52's seven crew members parachuted to safety while the remaining three were killed along with all four of the KC-135's crew. Island County, Washington - According to a spokesperson for the naval base, Ault Field at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island is currently under lockdown due to unconfirmed reports of an active shooter. Courtesy of The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) photo stream. Recovered bomb fragments were recycled by Pantex, in Amarillo, Texas. To take a step back, what exactly is the photo? What is the military doing about it? A B-47 Stratojet bomber piloted by Howard Richardson, Bob Lagerstrom and Leland Woolard, had been engaged in a night training flight over Sylvania, Georgia at an altitude of 36,000 feet when it accidentally collided with an F-86 Saberjet fighter, destroying the fighter and badly damaging one of the bombers wings. The Navy also wants to retire four Whidbey Island-class dock landing ships early, as the Navy has also struggled to get these vessels through a modernization program and keep them seaworthy.. In the early hours of Sunday, June 10, a webcam set up to watch Puget Sound near Whidbey Island, WA, caught what looks exactly like a missile being fired into the sky. It was a pleasant hour or so stop along the way. But virtually nothing is known about whether such bombs can explode spontaneously. All of the sixteen crew members and one passenger were able to parachute from the plane and twelve were subsequently rescued from Princess Royal Island. A major fire and two explosions contaminated the plant and grounds of a plutonium fabrication facility resulting in a permanent shutdown. Number of U.S. nuclear weapons used in wartime, against Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Slotin worked with the same bomb core as Daghlian which became known as the "demon core." The high-explosive detonator went off after it hit the ground 6.5 miles east of Florence, South Carolina, in Mars Bluff, creating a 70 feet (21m) wide crater, 30 feet (9m) deep. The one thing that is no doubt going through your mind right now is just what exactly is the level of threat posed by these vanished nuclear weapons? At 8:15 that morning, a nuclear bomb detonated less than a mile from the factory. In all likelihood, the image is that helicopter, caught in a long exposure in low light, with the running lights from its tail forming the arc of the flames coming from the missile. The air ambulance company confirmed FlightRadar24s data, seemingly putting the matter to rest. It was thought at the time that the recovery of the nuclear weapon would be swift, as it had been ditched in an area of shallow water which wasn't particularly secluded, yet this would not prove to be the case. The Tsar Bomba, or RDS-220 hydrogen bomb, is the largest nuclear bomb in the world today. Subway tunnels and other underground tunnels facilities are great too. It wasnt even close. The Air Force purchased the land and fenced it off to prevent its disturbance, and it is tested regularly for contamination, although none has so far been found.[46]. [17], A fire began in a theoretically fireproof area inside the plutonium processing building, in a glovebox used to handle radioactive materials, igniting the combustible rubber gloves and plexiglas windows of the box. The B-47 pilot successfully landed in one attempt only after he first jettisoned the bomb. The motion picture Men of Honor (2000), starring Cuba Gooding, Jr., as USN Diver, Master Chief Petty Officer Carl Brashear, and Robert De Niro as USN Diver, Chief Petty Officer Billy Sunday, contained an account of the fourth bomb's recovery.[52]. It also bears witness to the consequences of the nuclear tests on the civil populations of Bikini and the Marshall Islands, in terms of population displacement and public-health issues. From the north end of the island, you can see the San Juan Islands and dozens of whale-watching boats crisscrossing the . Civilian accidents are listed at List of civilian nuclear accidents. At launch facility Lima-02 near, Accidental destruction, loss and recovery of nuclear bombs, Loss and partial recovery of nuclear bombs, Loss of cooling, radioactive contamination, nuclear fuel damaged, During sea trials, the Soviet nuclear submarine, While in the naval yards at Severodvinsk for repairs, the Soviet, During the transfer of radioactive coolant water from the submarine. While exploring Whidbey Island, we found this charming light house. I'm not talking about car keys here, but of the rather unsettling habit that human beings have developed of losing track of things that we really should make sure we never lose. The bomber crashed 7 miles (11km) from the airbase, rupturing the bomber's bomb bay and causing the conventional explosives in the four B28FI thermonuclear bombs to detonate, fragmenting and spreading the radioactive primary and secondary components across a large area. The U.S. nuclear target map is an interesting and unique program unlike other nuclear target maps because it lets you pick the target and what size nuclear device that the area you chose is hit with and then shows the likely effects and range of damage and death that would be caused by that nuclear device if it hit and detonated on your chosen A senior Russian diplomat says Moscow may continue to exchange information with the United States on issues related to their nuclear forces even after the suspension of the last remaining arms control pact between the two countries Feb. 26, 2023, 5:38 PM ET (AP) Putin: will 'take into account' NATO's nuclear capability Missing nukes are often referred to as Broken Arrows, defined as an unexpected event involving nuclear weapons that result in the accidental launching, firing, detonating, theft or loss of the weapon which does not result in the threat of nuclear war. These broken arrows occurred much during the Cold War between the late 1950s and the mid-1960s, which was a tense time of unprecedented nuclear weapon stockpiling and transportation of such devices. A surface blast would kill 52,213 while . The virtue of a picture snapped at 4:00am is that theres not much in the air at the time. Off Whidbey Island, Washington, US Lost nuclear weapon A U.S. Navy P5M antisubmarine aircraft with an unarmed nuclear depth charge on board crash-landed into Puget Sound near Whidbey Island, Washington. [34] A nearby house was destroyed and several people were injured. A year later, the airport was named Ault Field in memory of Commander William B. Ault, missing in action at the Battle of the . often to convey information to Q Anon believers. [33]:136137[35] A nuclear detonation was not possible because, while on board, the weapon's core was not in the weapon for safety reasons. She has over 20 years of experience of management of non-profits programs in Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Victim Services. Considering the enormous distance involved, two in-flight refuelings were scheduled. Where have these nuclear weapons gone? Say what?! BWXT Y-12 (now B&W Y-12), a partnership of Babcock & Wilcox and Bechtel, was fined $82,500 for the accident.[77]. To qualify as "accident", the damage should not be intentional, unlike in. Its tail was discovered about 20 feet (6m) down and much of the bomb recovered, including the tritium bottle and the plutonium. View of the radioactive plume from the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, as seen from 9.6 . We all lose or misplace things from time to time. The W76, the mainstay of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, has a yield, or explosive force, of about 100 kilotons. The lighthouse itself is lovingly restored and quite interesting. The missiles involved in the accident must have been the R-27U version as the original version was retired by 1983. So if its not a missile, whats the object in the picture? Most of the thermonuclear stage, containing uranium, was left on site. There is dispute over exactly where the incident took placethe U.S. Defense Department originally stated it took place 500 miles (800km) off the coast of Japan, but Navy documents later show it happened about 80 miles (130km) from the Ryukyu Islands and 200 miles (320km) from Okinawa. Gusts of 68 mph were reported on the Smith Island weather station just off Whidbey Island. Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents, 1950 Rivire-du-Loup B-50 nuclear weapon loss incident, had engine trouble and jettisoned the weapon, Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1958 Mars Bluff B-47 nuclear weapon loss incident, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, radioactive primary and secondary components, Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant 1969 fire, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft, United States military nuclear incident terminology, Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack, "Heisenberg on the German Uranium Project", "Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.: America's First Peacetime Atom Bomb Fatality", "America's Radiation Victims: The Hidden Files", "Nuclear weapon missing since 1950 'may have been found', Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, The Crash of the B-29 on Travis AFB, CA August 5, 1950, "Bikinians evacuated 'for good of mankind' endure lengthy nuclear fallout", "Industrial/Warnings of Serious Risks for Nuclear Reactor Operations", "Historical Records Declassification Guide, CG-HR-3, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, Appendix B", "Accident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near Albuquerque in 1957", "A Brief History of Nuclear Fission and its Opposition", "Estimated Exposure and Lifetime Cancer Incidence Risk from Plutonium Released from the 1957 Fire at the Rocky Flats Plant", "The unacceptable toll of Britain's nuclear disaster", "Windscale fire: 'We were too busy to panic', "Narrative Summary of Accidents Involving U.S. Nuclear Weapons 19501980", "U.S. Department of Defense Nuclear Weapons Accident 19501980: Introduction", "Accident Stirs Concern Here And in Britain", Atomic Bomb dropped on Florence, S.C., March 11, 1958, Air Force concludes clean up at old B-47 nuclear bomb crash site, Broken Arrow: A Disclosure of Significant U.S., Soviet, and British Nuclear Weapon Incidents and Accidents, 1945-2008, Osan Air Base the site of 1959 nuclear weapon-related accident, Japanese paper reports, "U.S. discloses accidents involving nuclear weapons", "Cold War Mission Ended In Tragedy for B-52 Crew", "South Dakota's secret nuclear missile accident revealed", "ATSDR Health Consultation Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (U.S. DOE), Livermore, Alameda County, California", "Spanish town still haunted by its brush with Armageddon", "Looking back on Mother's Day fire at Rocky Flats", "Rocky Flats Colorado Nuclear Weapons Production Facility 19521988". And submarines dont actually. The crew set the bomb to self-destruct at 2,500ft (760m) and dropped over the St. Lawrence River. For other lists, see Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents. The Navy plans to save $200.3 million by retiring the Whidbey Island. Poorly placed temperature sensors indicated the reactor was cooling rather than heating. On July 28, 1957, a C-124 transport plane experienced technical problems when two of its engines lost power after it departed Dover Air Force Base in Delaware. B-47 aircraft crashed during take-off after a wheel exploded; one nuclear bomb burned in the resulting fire. From there the United States and the Soviet Union carried out a further series of open-air tests of atomic weapons. Peterson AFB/NORAD/Cheyenne Mountain Complex are also a major target. by followers of the online persona known as Q Anon. A valve was mistakenly opened aboard the submarine, While on duty in the Barents Sea, there was a release of liquid metal coolant from the reactor of the Soviet Project 705, About 35 miles (56km) from Vladivostok in Chazhma Bay, the, The U.S. government declassified 19,000 pages of documents indicating that between 1946 and 1986, the Hanford Site near. ", "Mystery explosion at Nenoksa test site: it's probably not Burevestnik", "US intel report says mysterious Russian explosion was triggered by recovery mission of nuclear-powered missile, not a test", Annotated bibliography from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear related Issues and Incidents, Russian Northern Fleet: Sources of Radioactive Contamination, Bibliography of military nuclear accidents from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Official List of accidents involving nuclear weapons from the UK Ministry of Defence, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) website, International Atomic Energy Agency website, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 20 Mishaps That Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War, Trinity Atomic Bomb by U.S. National Atomic Museum, Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites, Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents, Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll, Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country, 1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident, 1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident, Three Mile Island accident health effects, Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, International Association of Emergency Managers, International Disaster and Risk Conference, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_military_nuclear_accidents&oldid=1136762258, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with dead external links from January 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.
No Comments